Organic Chemistry

C14.3 Homologous series 1 Describe the homologous series of alkanes and alkenes as families of compounds with the same general formula and similar chemical properties C14.1 Names of compounds 1 Name and draw the structures of methane, ethane, ethene and ethanol 2 State the type of compound present, given a chemical name ending in -ane, -ene and -ol, or a molecular structure 3 Name and draw the structures of the unbranched alkanes and alkenes (not cis-trans), containing up to four carbon atoms per molecule C14.4 Alkanes 1 Describe alkanes as saturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single covalent bonds 2 Describe the properties of alkanes (exemplified by methane) as being generally unreactive, except in terms of burning 3 Describe the complete combustion of hydrocarbons to give carbon dioxide and water C14.5 Alkenes 1 Describe alkenes as unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one double covalent bond 2 State that cracking is a reaction that produces alkenes 3 Describe the formation of smaller alkanes, alkenes and hydrogen by the cracking of larger alkane molecules and state the conditions required for cracking 4 Recognise saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons: – from molecular structures – by their reaction with aqueous bromine 5 Describe the properties of alkenes in terms of addition reactions with bromine, hydrogen and steam, exemplified by ethene C14.6 Alcohols 1 State that ethanol may be formed by fermentation and by reaction between ethene and steam 2 Describe the formation of ethanol by fermentation and the catalytic addition of steam to ethene 3 Describe the complete combustion of ethanol to give carbon dioxide and water 4 State the uses of ethanol as a solvent and as a fuel C14.2 Fuels 1 State that coal, natural gas and petroleum are fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide on combustion 2 Name methane as the main constituent of natural gas 3 Describe petroleum as a mixture of hydrocarbons and its separation into useful fractions by fractional distillation 4 Describe the properties of molecules within a fraction 5 Name the uses of the fractions as: – refinery gas for bottled gas for heating and cooking – gasoline fraction for fuel (petrol) in cars – naphtha fraction as a feedstock for making chemicals – diesel oil/ gas oil for fuel in diesel engines – bitumen for road surfaces C14.7 Polymers 1 Define polymers as long chain molecules formed from small units (monomers) 2 Understand that different polymers have different monomer units and/or different linkages C14.8 Synthetic polymers 1 Describe the formation of poly(ethene) as an example of addition polymerisation of monomer units 2 Deduce the structure of the polymer product from a given alkene and vice versa 3 Explain the differences between addition and condensation polymerisation 4 Describe the formation of a simple condensation polymer exemplified by nylon, the structure of nylon being represented as: